Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net 1867-8610 3 1 2010 10.5194/amtd-3-147-2010 http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/3/147/2010/ http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/3/147/2010/amtd-3-147-2010.html http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/3/147/2010/amtd-3-147-2010.pdf 147 184 2010-01-11 The impact of surface reflectance variability on total column differential absorption LiDAR measurements of atmospheric CO₂ J. P. Lawrence R. J. Leigh P. S. Monks p.s.monks@le.ac.uk EOS Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK EOS Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK The remote sensing technique, total column differential absorption LiDAR (TC-DIAL) has been proposed in a number of feasibility studies as a suitable method for making total column measurements of atmospheric CO₂ from space. Among the sources of error associated with TC-DIAL retrievals from space is an undefined modulation of the received signals resulting from the variability in the Earth's surface reflectance between the LiDAR pulses. This source of uncertainty is investigated from a satellite perspective by the application of a computer model for spaceborne TC-DIAL instruments. The simulations are carried out over Europe and South America using modified MODIS surface reflectance maps and a DIAL configuration similar to that suggested for the proposed ESA A-SCOPE mission. A positive bias of 0.01 ppmv in both continental test sets is observed using 10 Hz pulse repetition frequency and 200 km integration distance. This bias is a consequence of non-linearity in the DIAL equation, and in particular regions such as the Alps and over certain coastlines it contributes to positive errors of between 0.05 and 0.16 ppmv for 200 and 50 km integration distances. These retrieval errors are defined as lower bound estimates owing to the likely resolution difference between the surface reflectance data and the expected surface heterogeneity observed by a DIAL instrument. Amediek,~A., Fix,~A., Ehret,~G., Caron,~J., and Durand,~Y.: Airborne lidar reflectance measurements at 1.57 \unit\mum in support of the A-SCOPE mission for atmospheric \chemCO_2, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 755–772, 2009. Azzalini,~A.: A~class of distributions which includes the normal ones, Scand. J. Stat., 12, 171–178, 1985. Barkley,~M P., Monks,~P S., Frieß,~U., Mittermeier,~R L., Fast,~H., Körner,~S., and Heimann,~M.: Comparisons between SCIAMACHY atmospheric \chemCO_2 retrieved using (FSI) WFM-DOAS to ground based FTIR data and the TM3 chemistry transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4483–4498, 2006. Burrows,~J P., Buchwitz,~M., Frerick,~J., No$\ddot\rme$l,~S., Rozanov,~V V., Chance,~K V., and Goede,~A H P.: SCIAMACHY – Mission objectives and measurement modes, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, (2), 127–150, 1999. Buchwitz,~M., de Beek,~R., No$\ddot\rme$l,~S., Burrows,~J P., Bovensmann,~H., Schneising,~O., Khlystova,~I., Bruns,~M., Bremer,~H., Bergamaschi,~P., Körner,~S., and Heimann,~M.: Atmospheric carbon gases retrieved from SCIAMACHY by WFM-DOAS: version~0.5 CO and \chemCH_4 and impact of calibration improvements on \chemCO_2 retrieval, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2727–2751, 2006. Dufour,~E. and Breon,~F.: Spaceborne estimates of atmospheric \chemCO_2 column by use of the differential absorption method: error analysis, Appl. Optics, 42, 3595–3609, 2003. Ehret,~G., Kiemle,~C., Wirth,~M., Amediek,~A., Fix,~A., and Houweling,~S.: Spaceborne remote sensing of \chemCO_2, \chemCH_4 and \chemN_2O by integrated path differential absorption lidar: A~sensitivity analysis, Appl. Phys. B-Lasers O., 90, 593–608, 2008. Ehret,~G. and Kiemle,~C.: Final rep. ESA study 10880/03/NL/FF, 2005. European Space Agency (ESA): A-SCOPE 2013 advanced space carbon and climate observation of planet earth, report for assessment, ESA-SP1313/1, 2008. Gilbert,~F., Flamant,~P H., Bruneau,~D., and Loth,~C.: Heterodyne dial measurements of atmospheric \chemCO_2 numerical simulation and experimental results, 22nd Internation Laser Radar Conference (ILRC 2004), in: Proceedings of the Conference held 12–16~July, 2004 in Matera, Italy, edited by: Pappalardo,~G. and Amodeo,~A., ESA SP-561, Paris: European Space Agency, 2004. Gurney,~K., Law,~R M., Denning,~A S., Rayner,~P J., Baker,~D., Bousquet,~P., Bruhwiler,~L., Chen,~Y., Ciais,~P., Fan,~S., Fung,~I Y., Gloor,~M., Heimann,~M., Higuchi,~K., John,~J., Maki,~T., Maksyutov,~S., Masarie,~K., Peylin,~P., Prather,~M., Pak,~B C., Randerson,~J., Sarmiento,~J L., Taguchi,~S., Takahashi,~T., and Yuen,~C.: Towards robust regional estimates of \chemCO_2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models, Nature, 415, 626–630, 2002. Hamazaki,~T., Kaneko,~A., Kuze,~A., and Kondo,~K.: Fourier transform spectrometer for greenhouse gases observing satellite (GOSAT), Enabling sensor and platform technologies for spaceborne remote sensing, SPIE proceedings, 5659, 73–80, 2005. IPCC: Climate change 2007 the physical science basis, contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, 137–140, 996~pp.,2007. Ismail,~S., Koch,~G J., Barnes,~B W., Abedin,~N., Refaat,~T F., Yu,~J., Vay, ~S A., Kooi,~S., Browell,~E., and Singh,~U N.: Technology developments for tropospheric profiling of \chemCO_2 and ground-based measurements, 22nd Internation Laser Radar Conference (ILRC 2004), in: Proceedings of the Conference held 12–16~July, 2004 in Matera, Italy, edited by: Pappalardo,~G. and Amodeo,~A., ESA SP-561, Paris: European Space Agency, 65, 2004. Keeling,~C D., Whorf,~T P., Wahlen,~M., and Van~der~Plicht,~J.: Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmoshperic carbon dioxide since 1980, Nature, 375, 666–670, 1995. Lafferty,~W., Mandin,~J.-Y., Massie,~S T., Mikhailenko,~S N., Miller,~C E., Moazzen-Ahmadi,~N., Naumenko,~O V., Nikitin,~A V., Orphal,~J., Perevalov,~V I., Perrin,~A., Predoi-Cross,~A., Rinsland,~C P., Rotger,~M., Simeckova,~M., Smith,~M A H., Sung,~K., Tashkun,~S A., Tennyson,~J., Toth,~R A., Vandaele,~A C., and Auwera,~J V.: The hitran 2008 molecular spectropscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 110, 533–572, 2009. Loth,~C., Flamant,~P H., Breon,~F., Bruneau,~D., Desmet,~P., Pain,~T., Dabas,~A., Prunet,~P., and Cariou,~J.: The future of atmospheric carbon dioxide testing from space, ESA study 17852/04/NL/CB, IPSL, 2005. Maignan,~F., Breon,~F.-M., and Lacaze,~R.: Bidirectional reflectance of earth targets: Evaluation of analytical models using a~large set of spaceborne measurements with emphasis on the hot spot, Remote Sens. Environ., 90, 210–220, 2003. Mitchell,~A G G. and Zemansky, M. W.: Resonance Radiation and Excited Atoms, Cambridge University Press, 158–162, 338~pp., 1971. Platt,~U., Stutz, J., Guzzi, R., and Lanzerotti, L. J.: Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications, 99–102, Springer, 500~pp., 2008. Rayner,~P J. and O'Brien,~D M.: The utility of remotely sensed \chemCO_2 concentration data in surface source inversions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 175–178, 2001. Remedios,~J J., Leigh,~R J., Waterfall,~A M., Moore,~D P., Sembhi,~H., Parkes,~I., Greenhough,~J., Chipperfield,~M P., and Hauglustaine,~D.: MIPAS reference atmospheres and comparisons to V4.61/V4.62 MIPAS level~2 geophysical data sets, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 9973–10017, 2007. Roujean,~J., L M., Deschamps,~P.: A~bidirectional reflectance model of the earth's surface for the correction of remote sensing data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 97, 20, 455–20, 468, 1992. Rozanov,~V V., Buchwitz,~M., Eichman,~K U., De Beek,~R., and Burrows,~J P.: Sciatran – a~new radiative transfer model for geophysical applications in the 240–2400 nm spectral region: the pseudo-spherical version, Adv. Space Res., 29, 1831–1835, 2002. Salomon,~J G., Schaaf,~C B., Strahler,~A H., Gao,~F., and Jin,~Y.: Validation of the MODIS bidirectional reflectance distribution function and albedo retrievals using combined observations from the aqua and terra Platforms, IEEE T. Geosc. Remote, 44, 6, 1555–1565, 2006. Sarmiento,~J L. and Gruber,~N.: Sinks for anthropogenic carbon, Phys. Today, 30–36, 2002. Siegenthaler,~U., Stocker,~T F., Monnin,~E., Luthi,~D., Scheander,~J., Stauffer,~B., Ratynaud,~D., Barnola,~J., Fischer,~H., Masson-Delmotte,~V., and Jouzel,~J.: Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship during the later pleistocene, Science, 310, 131–137, 2005. Strahler,~A H., Muller,~J.-P., Lucht,~W., Schaaf,~C B., Tsang,~T., Gao,~F., Li,~X., Lewis,~P., and Barnsley,~M J.: MODIS BRDF/Albedo Product: Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, 1999. Wanner,~W., Li,~X. and Strahler,~A H.: On the derivation of kernels for kernel-driven models of bidirectional reflectance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 100, 21077–21089, 1995. % %REFERENCE 1 %% %%REFERENCE 2