<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/inc/amtd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<eissn>1867-8610</eissn>
		<volume_number>3</volume_number>
		<issue_number>2</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2010</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/amtd-3-1133-2010</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/3/1133/2010/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/3/1133/2010/amtd-3-1133-2010.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/3/1133/2010/amtd-3-1133-2010.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1133</start_page>
	<end_page>1162</end_page>
	<publication_date>2010-03-24</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) for ambient measurements of ammonia</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>D. R. Benson</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="2">
			<name>M. Al-Refai</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>S.-H. Lee</name>
			<email>slee19@kent.edu</email>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Kent State University, Department of Chemistry, Kent, Ohio, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Kent State University, Department of Computer Sciences, Kent, Ohio, USA</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">This study describes a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) for fast
response, in-situ measurements for gas phase ammonia. Protonated ethanol
ions were used as the ion-molecule reaction reagent. The CIMS sensitivity
was estimated to be between 4–25 Hz/pptv with 30% uncertainty. The
instrument background was below 1 ppbv and at lowest was 300 pptv. The
uncertainty associated with the instrumental background was less than 30 pptv
under the optimized experimental conditions. The time response was less
than 30 s, and the detection limit was approximately 60 pptv. This CIMS was
used to measure the ambient NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; in Kent, Ohio, for several weeks
throughout three seasons. The measured ammonia mixing ratios were usually at
the sub-ppbv level, and higher during the spring (200&amp;plusmn;120 pptv) than in
the winter (60&amp;plusmn;75 pptv) and fall (150&amp;plusmn;80 pptv).</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Ball, S. M., Hanson, D. R., Eisele, F. L., and McMurry, P. H.: Laboratory studies of particle nucleation: Initial results for H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, and NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; vapors, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23709–23718, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Benson, D. R., Erupe, M. E., and Lee, S.-H.: Laboratory-measured H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ternary homogenous nucleation rates: Initial observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15818, doi:10.1029/2009GL038728, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Benson, D. R., Young, L. H., Kameel, R., and Lee, S.-H.: Laboratory-Measured Sulfuric Acid and Water Homogeneous Nucleation Rates from the SO2+OH Reaction, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L11801, doi:11810.11029/12008GL033387, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Dentener, F. J. and Crutzen, F.: A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle J. Atmos. Chem., 19, 331–369, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website (http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php), NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 2010. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Eisele, F. L. and Tanner, D. J.: Measurements of gas phase concentrations of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and methane sulfonic acid and estimates of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; production and loss in the atmosphere J. Geophys. Res., 98, 9001–9010, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Fehsenfeld, F. C., Huey, L. G., Leibrock, E., Dissley, R., Williams, E., Ryerson, T. B., Norton, R., Sueper, D. T., and Hartsell, B.: Results from an informal intercomparison of ammonia measurement techniques J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4812–4819, doi:4810.1029/2001JD001327, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Ferm, M., Areskoug, H., Hanssen, J.-E., Hilbert, G., and Lattila, H.: Field Intercomparison of Measurement Techniques for Total NH$_4^+$ and Total NO$_3^-$ in Ambient Air, Atmos. Environ., 22(10), 2275–2281, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Fraser, M. P. and Cass, G. R.: Detection of excess ammonia emissions from in-use vehicles and the implications for fine particle control Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1053–1057, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Gaydos, T. M., Stainer, C. O., and Pandis, S. N.: Modeling of in situ ultrafine atmospheric particle formation in the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07S12, doi:10.1029/2004JD004683, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Gilliland, A. B., Dennis, R. L., Roselle, S. J., and Pierce, T. E.: Seasonal NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; emission estimates for the eastern United States based on ammonium wet concentrations and an inverse modeling method, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4477, doi:4410.1029/2002JD003063, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Goode, J. G., Yokelson, R. J., Ward, D. E., Susott, R. A., Babbit, R. E., Davies, M. A., and Hao, W. M.: Measurements of excess O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, HCN, NO, NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, HCOOH, CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;COOH, HCHO, and CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H in 1997 Alaskan biomass burning plumes by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22417–22166, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Herndon, S. C., Jayne, J. T., Zahniser, M. S., Worsnop, D. R., Knighton, B., Alwine, E., Lamb, B. K., Zavala, M., Nelson, D. D., McManus, J. B., Shorter, J. H., Canagaratna, M. R., Onasch, T. B., and Kolb, C. E.: Charecterization of urban pollutant emission fluxes and ambient concentration distributions using a mobile laboratory with rapid response instrumentation, Faraday Disc., 130, 327–339, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Huai, T., Durbin, T. D., Miller, J. W., Pisano, J. T., Saucer, C. G., Rhee, S. H., and Norbeck, J. M.: Investigation of NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; emissions from new technology vehicles as a function of vehicles as a function of vehicle operating conditions Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4841–4847, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Huey, L. G.: Measurement of trace atmospheric species by chemical ionization mass spectrometry: Speciation of reactive nitrogen and recent developments, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 166–184, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Hurst, D. F., Griffith, D. W. T., Carras, J. N., Williams, D. J., and Freser, P. J.: Measurements of trace gases emitted by Australian savanna fires during the 1990 dry season, J. Atmos. Chem., 18, 33–56, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Jung, J. G., Pandis, S. N., and Adams, P. J.: Evaluation of Nucleation Theories in a Sulfur-Rich Environment, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 42, 495–504, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Kean, A. J., Harley, R. A., Littlejohn, D., and Kendall, G. R.: On-road measurement of ammonia and other motor vehicle exhaust emissions Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3535–3539, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Langford, A. O., Golden, P. D., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: A molybdenum oxide annular denuder system for gas-phase ambient ammonia measurement J. Atmos. Chem., 8, 359–376, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Lebel, P. J., Hoell, J. M., Levine, J. S., and Vay, S. S.: Aircraft measurements of ammonia and nitric acid in the lower troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 401–404, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Li, Y., Schwab, J. J., and Demerijian, K. L.: Measurements of ambient ammonia using a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer: Characteristics of ambient ammonia emissions in an urban area of New York City, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10S02, doi:10.1029/2005JD006275, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Lucas, D. D. and Akimoto, H.: Evaluating aerosol nucleation parameterization in a global atmospheric model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L10808, doi:10810.11029/12006GL025672, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> McMurry, P. H., Fink, M., Sakuri, H., Stolzenburg, M., Mauldin III, R. L., Smith, J., Eisele, F. L. M., K., Sjostedt, S., Tanner, D., Huey, L. G., Nowak, J. B., Edgerton, E., and Voisin, D.: A criterion for new partricle formation in the sulfur-rich Atlanta atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22S02, doi:10.1029/2005JD005901, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Merikanto, J., Napari, I., Vehkamäki, H., Anttila, T., and Kulmala, M.: New parameterization of sulfuric acid-ammonia-water ternary nucleation rates at tropospheric conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D15207, doi:15210.11029/12006JD007977, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Moeckli, M., Fierz, M., and Sigritism, M. W.: Emissions factors for ethane and ammonia from a tunnel study with a photoacoustic trace gas detection system Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 2864–2867, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Neuman, J. A., Huey, L. G., Dissly, R. W., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Flocke, F., Holecek, J. C., Holloway, J. S., Hubler, G., Jakoubek, R., Nicks Jr., D. K., Parrish, D. D., Ryerson, T. B., Sueper, D. T., and Weinheimer, A. J.: Fast-response airborne in situ measurements HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; during the Texas 2000 Air Quality Study, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 4436, doi:10.1029/2001JD001437, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Norman, M., Hansel, A., and Wisthaler, A.: O$_2^+$ as reagent ion in the PTR-MS instrument: Detection of gas-phase ammonia, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 265, 382–387, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Nowak, J. B., Huey, L. G., Eisele, F. L., Tanner, D., Mauldin III, R. L., Cantrell, C. A., Kosciuch, E., and Davis, D.: Chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique for the detection of dimethylsulfoxide and ammonia, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D18), 4363, doi:4310.1029/2001JD001058, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Nowak, J. B., Huey, L. G., Russell, A. G., Tian, D., Neuman, J. A., Orsini, D., Sjostedt, S. J., Sullivan, A. P., Tanner, D. J., Weber, R. J., Nenes, A., Edgerton, E., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: Analysis of urban gas phase ammonia measurements from the 2002 Atlanta Aerosol Nucleation and Real-Time Characterization Experiment (ANARChE), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D17308, doi:17310.11029/12006JD007113, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Nowak, J. B., Newman, J. A., Kozai, K., Huey, L. G., Tanner, D., Holloway, J. S., Ryerson, T. B., Frost, G. L., McKeen, S. A., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: A chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique for airborne measurements of ammonia, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10S02, doi:10.1029/2006JD007589, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Quinn, P. K. and Bates, T. S.: Collection efficiences of a tandem sampling system for atmospheric aerosol particles and gaseous ammonia and sulfur dioxide, Environ. Sci. Technol., 23, 736–739, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Rolph, G.D.: Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem (READY) Website (http://ready.arl.noaa.gov), NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 2010. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Ryerson, T. B., Williams, E. J., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: An efficient photolysis system for fast response NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D21), 26447–26461, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Schlesinger, W. H. and Hartley, A. E.: A global budget for atmospheric NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, Biogeochemistry, 15, 191–211, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Schwab, J. J., Li, Y., Bae, M.-S., Demerjian, K. L., Hou, J., Zhou, X., Jensen, B., and Pryor, S. C.: A Laboratory Intercomparison of Real-Time Gaseous Ammoni Measurement Methods, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(24), 8412–8419, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Slusher, D. l., Huey, L. G., Tanner, D. J., Flocke, F. M., and Roberts, J. M.: A thermal dissociation-chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CIMS) technique for the simultaneous measurement of peroxyacyl nitrates and dinitrogen pentoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19315, doi:10.1029/2004JD004670, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Smith, J. N., Moore, K., Eisele, F. L., Voisin, D., Ghimire, A. K., Sakuri, H., and McMurry, P. H.: Chemical composition of atmospheric nanoparticles during nucleation in Atlanta, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22S03, doi:10.1029/2005JD005912, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Stanier, C. O., Kylstov, A. Y., and Pandis, S. N.: Nucleation events during the Pittsburgh air quality study: Description and relation to key meteorological, gas phase, and aerosol parameters, Aerosol Sci. Tech, 38, 253–264, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> van Dijk, C. A., Sandholm, S. T., Davis, D. D., and Bradshaw, J. D.: NH(b$^1§igma ^+)$ deactivation/reaction rate constants for the collisional gases H$_2, $CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H$_6$, Ar, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, J. Phys. Chem.-US, 93, 6363–6767, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Weber, R. J., Marti, J. J., McMurry, P. H., Mauldin III, R. L., Tanner, D., Eisele, F. L., Brechtel, F., Kreidenweis, S. M., Kok, G., Schillawski, R. D., and Baumgardner, D.: A study of new particle formation and growth involving biogenic and trace gas species measured during ACE 1, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16385–16396, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Yokelson, R. J., Bertschi, I. T., Christian, T. J., Hobbs, P. V., Ward, D. E., and Hao, W. M.: Trace gas measurements in nascent, aged, and cloud processed smoke from African savanna fires by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (AFTIR), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 8478, doi:8410.1029/2002JD002322, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Yokelson, R. J., Christian, T. J., Bertschi, I. T., and Hao, W. M.: Evaluation of adsorption effects on measurements of ammonia, acetic acid, and methanol, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 4649, doi:10.1029/2003JD003549, 2003b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Yokelson, R. J., Goode, J. G., Ward, D. E., Susott, R. A., Babbitt, R. E., Wade, D. D., Bertschi, I., Griffith, D. W. T., and Hao, W. M.: Emissions of formaldehyde, acetic acid, methanol, and other trace gases from biomass fires in North Carolina measured by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30109–30126, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Young, L. H., Benson, D. R., Kameel, F. R., Pierce, J. R., Junninen, H., Kulmala, M., and Lee, S.-H.: Laboratory studies of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;/H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O binary homogeneous nucleation from the SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;+OH reaction: evaluation of the experimental setup and preliminary results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4997–5016, 2008. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

