<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/inc/amtd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<eissn>1867-8610</eissn>
		<volume_number>2</volume_number>
		<issue_number>1</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/amtd-2-343-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/2/343/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/2/343/2009/amtd-2-343-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/2/343/2009/amtd-2-343-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>343</start_page>
	<end_page>377</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-02-16</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Springtime Arctic ground-based spectroscopy of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and related trace gases at Eureka, Canada â€“ Part 1: Evaluation of the analysis method and comparison with infrared measurements</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1,4">
			<name>E. Farahani</name>
			<email>elham@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>K. Strong</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="2">
			<name>R. L. Mittermeier</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="2">
			<name>H. Fast</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="3">
			<name>M. Van Roozendael</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="3">
			<name>C. Fayt</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), Belgium</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">now at: SPARC International Project Office, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">For the first time in spring 1999 the ground-based UV-visible zenith-sky
measurements of stratospheric gases were performed at Environment Canada&apos;s
Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory (ASTRO) located at Eureka,
Nunavut, Canada (80.05&amp;deg; N, 86.42&amp;deg; W, 610 m a.s.l.). The
University of Toronto UV-visible ground-based spectrometer (UT-GBS) has been
deployed for nine years afterwards at Eureka to measure ozone and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
total columns by using sunlight scattered from the zenith sky during spring,
when the conditions leading to polar ozone depletion develop. During spring
2000, elevated OClO slant column densities were also measured for the first
time. First dedicated analysis of UT-GBS measurements applying two
independent differential optical absorption spectroscopy algorithms was
performed on spectra recorded during spring 2000. The resulting ozone and
NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; total columns agreed to 4% and 5% or better, respectively. Also,
first four years of UT-GBS results (1999â€“2003) were compared with those made
by ozonesondes and by the Meteorogical Service of Canada Fourier transform
infrared spectrometer (MSC FTS) at ASTRO, which has been operated by
Canada&apos;s Department of Environment for measuring the total columns of several
stratospheric gases. The comparison of UT-GBS and MSC FTS ozone total columns
proved to be better than 5% for the periods when both instruments were
viewing similar air masses.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Bassford, M R., McLinden, C A., and Strong, K.: Zenith-sky observations of stratospheric gases: The sensitivity of air mass factors to geophysical parameters and the influence of tropospheric clouds, J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, 68, 657â€“677, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Bassford, M R., Strong, K., McLinden, C A., and McElroy, C T.: Ground-based measurements of ozone and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; during MANTRA 1998 using a new zenith-sky spectrometer, Atmos.-Ocean, 43, 325â€“338, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Brewer, A W., McElroy, C T., and Kerr, J B.: Nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, Nature, 246, 129â€“133, 1973. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Burrows, J P., Dehn, A., Deters, B., Himmelmann, S., Richter, A., Voigt, S., and Orphal, J.: Atmospheric remote-sensing reference data from GOME: Part 1- Temperature dependent absorption cross-sections of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the 231â€“794 nm range, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 60, 1025â€“1031, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Burrows, J P., Richter, A., Dehn, A., Deters, B., Himmelmann, S., Voigt, S., and Orphal, J.: Atmospheric remote-sensing reference data from GOME: Part 2- Temperature dependent absorption cross-sections of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; in the 231â€“794 nm range, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 61, 509â€“517, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Chance, K V. and Spurr, R. J D.: Ring effect studies: Rayleigh scattering, including molecular parameters for rotational Raman scattering, and the Fraunhofer spectrum, Appl. Optics, 36, 5224â€“5230, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Donovan, D P., Fast, H., Makino, Y., Bird, J C., Carswell, A I., Davies, J., Duck, T J., Kaminski, J W., McElroy, C T., Mittermeier, R L., Pal, S R., Savastiouk, V., Velkov, D., and Whiteway, J A.: Ozone, column ClO, and PSC measurements made at the NDSC Eureka observatory ($\rm80^o$N, $\rm86^o$W) during the spring of 1997, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2709â€“2712, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> FahreVik, A.: NADIR News, Vol 2, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Farahani, E.: Stratospheric composition measurements in the Arctic and at mid-latitudes and comparison with chemical fields from atmospheric models, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Ph.D. Thesis, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Farahani, E., Fast, H., Mittermeier, R L., Makino, Y., Strong, K., McLandress, C., Shepherd, T G., Chipperfield, M P., Hannigan, J W., Coffey, M T., Mikuteit, S., Hase, F., Blumenstock, T., and Raffalski, U.: Nitric acid measurements at Eureka, Thule and Kiruna obtained in winter 2001/2002 using solar and lunar Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy and comparison with results from three-dimensional models, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D01305, \doi10.1029/2006JD007096, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Farahani, E., Strong, K., Mittermeier, R. L., Fast, H., McLandress, C., Shepherd, T. G., and Chipperfield, M. P.: Springtime Arctic measurements of trace gases from 1999 to 2003 at Eureka, Canada â€“ Part 2: Comparisons with results from three-dimensional models, in preparation, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Fayt, C. and van Roozendael, M.: WinDOAS 2.1 â€“Software user manual, BIRA-IASB, Uccle, Belgium, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Fish, D J.: Measurements of stratospheric composition using ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, Ph.D. Thesis, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Fish, D J. and Jones, R L.: Rotational Raman scattering and the Ring effect in zenith-sky spectra, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 811â€“814, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Grainger, J F. and Ring, J F.: Anomalous Fraunhofer line profiles, Nature, 193, p 762, 1962. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Greenblatt, G D., Orlando, J J., Burkholder, J B., and Ravishankara, A R.: Absorption measurements of oxygen between 330 and 1140 nm, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18577â€“18582, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Harvey, V L. and Hitchman, M H.: A climatology of the Aleutian High, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2088â€“2101, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Kuhl, S., Dornbrack, A., Wilms-Grabe, W., Sinnhuber, B M., Platt, U., and Wagner, T.: Observational evidence of rapid chlorine activation by mountain waves above Northern Scandinavia, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D22309, \doi10.1029/2004JD004797, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Kurucz, R L., Furenlid, I., Brault, J., and Testerman, L.: Solar flux atlas from 296 nm to 1300 nm, National Solar Observatory Atlas No 1, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Manney, G L., Kruer, K., Sabutis, J L., Sena, S A., and Pawson, S.: The remarkable 2003/2004 winter and other recent warm winters in the Arctic stratosphere since the late 1990s, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D04107, \doi10.1029/2004JD005367, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Marquardt, D W.: An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters, J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math., 11, 431â€“441, 1963. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> McLinden, C A.: Observation of atmospheric composition from NASA ER-2 spectroradiometer measurements, York University, Toronto, Canada, Ph.D. Thesis, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> McLinden, C A., McConnell, J C., Griffioen, E., and McElroy, C T.: A vector radiative transfer model for the Odin/OSIRIS project, Can. J. Phys., 80, 375â€“–393, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Murphy, C., Bell, W., Woods, P., Demoulin, P., Galle, B., Mellqvist, J., Arlander, W., Notholt, J., Goldman, A., Toon, G C., Blavier, J F., Sen, B., Coffey, M T., Hannigan, J W., Mankin, W G., Jones, N., Griffith, D., Meier, A., Blumenstock, T., Fast, H., Mittermeier, R., and Makino, Y.: Validation of NDSC measurements of ozone, reservoir compounds and dynamical tracers: Results of a series of side-by-side instrument intercomparisons, NDSC 2001 Symposium, Arcachon, France, 24â€“27 September, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Noxon, J P.: Nitrogen dioxide in the stratosphere and troposphere measured by groundbased absorption spectroscopy, Science, 189, 547â€“–549, 1975. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Paton-Walsh, C., Mittermeier, R L., Bell, W., Fast, H., Jones, N B., and Meier, A.: An intercomparison of ground-based solar FTIR measurements of atmospheric gases at Eureka, Canada, JAOTech, 2028â€“2036, \doi10.1175/2008JTECHA1060.1, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Peterson, D B. and Margitan, J J.: Upper atmospheric research satellite correlative measurement program (UARS-CMP) balloon data Atlas, NASA, Washington, D.C., 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Pfeilsticker, K., Arlander, D W., Burrows, J P., Erle, F., Gil, M., Goutail, F., Hermans, C., Lambert, J C., Platt, U., Pommereau, J P., Richter, A., Sarkissian, A., van Roozendael, M., Wagner, T., and Winterrath, T.: Intercomparison of the influence of tropospheric clouds on UV-visible absorptions detected during the NDSC intercomparison campaign at OHP in June 1996, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1169â€“1172, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Platt, U.: Air Monitoring by Spectroscopic Techniques, edited by: Sigrist, M. W., John Wiley and Sons Inc., London, UK, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Rinsland, C P., Smith, M. A H., Rinsland, P L., Goldman, A., Brault, J W., and Stokes, G M.: Ground-based infrared spectroscopic measurements of atmospheric hydrogen cyanide, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 11119â€“11125, 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Rinsland, C P., Goldman, A., Murcray, F J., Murcray, F H., Blatherwick, R D., and Murcray, D G.: Infrared measurements of atmospheric gases above Mauna Loa, Hawaii, in February 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 12607â€“12626, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Rothman, L S., Gamache, R., Tipping, R., Rinsland, C., Smith, M., Benner, D., Devi, V., Flaud, J., Camypeyret, C., Perrin, A., Goldman, A., Massie, S., Brown, L., and Toth, R.: The HITRAN molecular database â€“ Editions of 1991 and 1992, J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, 48, 469â€“507, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Rothman, L S., Rinsland, C P., Goldman, A., Massie, S T., Edwards, D P., Flaud, J M., Perrin, A., Camy-Peyret, C., Dana, V., Mandin, J Y., Schroeder, J., McCann, A., Gamache, R R., Wattson, R B., Yoshino, K., Chance, K., Jucks, K., Brown, L R., Nemtchinov, V., and Varanasi, P.: The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database and HAWKS (HITRAN Atmospheric Workstation): 1996 Edition, J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, 60, 665â€“710, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Sarkissian, A., Vaughan, G., Roscoe, H K., Bartlett, L M., O&apos;Connor, F M., Drew, D G., Hughes, P A., and Moore, D M.: Accuracy of measurements of total ozone by a SAOZ ground-based zenith sky visible spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1379â€“1390, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Sioris, C E., Evans, W. F J., Gattinger, R L., McDade, I C., Degenstein, D A., and Llewellyn, E J.: Ground-based Ring-effect measurements with the OSIRIS development model, Can. J. Phys., 80, 483â€“–491, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Solomon, S., Schmeltekopf, A L., and Sanders, R W.: On the interpretation of zenith sky absorption measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8311â€“8319, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Taylor, J R., Strong, K., McLinden, C A., Degenstein, D A., and Haley, C S.: Comparison of OSIRIS stratospheric NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; measurements with groundâ€“based Fourier transform spectrometer measurements at the Toronto atmospheric observatory, Can. J. Phys., 85, 1301â€“1316, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> van Roozendael, M., de~Maziere, M., and Simon, P C.: Ground-based visible measurements at the Jungfrujoch station since 1990, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 52, 231â€“240, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Vaughan, G., Quinn, P T., Green, A C., Bean, J., Roscoe, H K., van Roozendael, M., and Goutail, F.: SAOZ measurements of stratospheric NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; at Aberystwyth, 1991â€“2004, J. Env. Monitoring, 8(3), 353â€“361, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Vountas, M., Rozanov, V., and Burrows, J.: Ring effect: Impact of rotational Raman scattering on radiative transfer in earth&apos;s atmosphere, J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, 60, 943â€“961, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Wahner, A., Tyndall, G S., and Ravishankara, A R.: Absorption cross section for OClO as a function of temperature in the wavelength range 240â€“480 nm, J. Phys. Chem., 91, 2734â€“2738, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Wahner, A., Ravishankara, A R., Sander, S P., and Friedl, R R.: Absorption cross section for BrO between 312 and 385 nm at 298 and 223 K, Chem. Phys. Lett., 152, 507â€“511, 1988. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

