Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions
www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net
1867-8610
2
4
2009
10.5194/amtd-2-1933-2009
http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/2/1933/2009/
http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/2/1933/2009/amtd-2-1933-2009.html
http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/2/1933/2009/amtd-2-1933-2009.pdf
1933
1972
2009-08-19
Determination of oceanic ozone deposition by ship-borne eddy covariance flux measurements
L. Bariteau
D. Helmig
detlev.helmig@colorado.edu
C. W. Fairall
J. E. Hare
J. Hueber
E. K. Lang
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
A fast response ozone analyzer based on the ozone-nitric oxide chemiluminescence
method was integrated into the NOAA-ESRL flux system to achieve the first ship-borne,
direct ozone flux measurements over the open ocean. Air was collected from an inlet
at 18 m height over the ocean surface mounted to the bow-jackstaff and via a
30 m-long sampling line to the ozone instrument on the ship deck.
A "puff" system was used for accurate and regular determination of the sample
transport time (lag) between the inlet and the chemical analyzer. A Nafion-membrane
dryer facilitated removal of fast water vapor fluctuations, which eliminated the
need for quenching and density correction of the ozone signal. The sampling-analyzer
system was found to have a ~0.25–0.40 s response time at a sensitivity of
~2800 counts s<sup>−1</sup> per ppbv of ozone. Quality control and data filtering
procedures for eliminating data that did not meet measurement requirements were
critically evaluated. The new ozone flux system was deployed during several cruises
aboard the NOAA Ship <i>Ronald H. Brown</i>, and evaluated using results obtained during
several research cruises off the coasts of the North and South America continents.
Businger, J. A. and Delany, A. C.: Chemical sensor resolution required for measuring surface fluxes by 3 common micrometeorological techniques, J. Atmos. Chem., 10, 399–410, 1990.
Delany, A. C.: Fast-response chemical sensors used for eddy-correlation flux measurements, Adv. Chem. Ser., 232, 91–100, 1993.
Edson, J. B., Hinton, A. A., Prada, K. E., Hare, J. E., and Fairall, C. W.: Direct covariance flux estimates from mobile platforms at sea, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 15, 547–562, 1998.
Fairall, C. W., White, A. B., Edson, J. B., and Hare, J. E.: Integrated shipboard measurements of the marine boundary layer, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14, 338–359, 1997.
Fairall, C. W., Hare, J. E., Edson, J. B., and McGillis, W.: Parameterization and micrometeorological measurement of air-sea gas transfer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 96, 63–105, 2000.
Fairall, C. W., Bradley, E. F., Hare, J. E., Grachev, A. A., and Edson, J. B.: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm, J. Climate, 16, 571–591, 2003.
Gallagher, M. W., Beswick, K. M., and Coe, H.: Ozone deposition to coastal waters, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 539–558, 2001.
Ganzeveld, L. and Lelieveld, J.: Dry deposition parameterization in a chemistry general-circulation model and its influence on the distribution of reactive trace gases, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20999–21012, 1995.
Ganzeveld, L., Helmig, D., Fairall, C. W., Hare, J., and Pozzer, A.: Atmosphere-ocean ozone exchange – A global modeling study of biogeochemical, atmospheric and water-side turbulence dependencies, Global Biogeochem. Cy., in press, 2009.
Grachev, A. A., Bariteau, L., Fairall, C. W., Hare, J. E., Helmig, D., Hueber, J., and Lang, E. K.: Turbulent fluxes and transfer of trace gases from ship-based eddy correlation measurements during TexAQS 2006, J. Geophys. Res., in preparation, 2009.
Horst, T. W.: A simple formula for attenuation of eddy fluxes measured with first-order-response scalar sensors, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 82, 219–233, 1997.
Kaimal, J. C., Izumi, Y., Wyngaard, J. C., and Cote, R.: Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 563–589, 1972.
Kawa, S. R. and Pearson, R.: Ozone budgets from the dynamics and chemistry of marine stratocumulus experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 9809–9817, 1989.
Lang, E. K., Bariteau, L., Fairall, C. W., Hare, J. E., Helmig, D., and Hueber, J.: Atmosphere-ocean ozone fluxes during the TexAQS 2006, STRATUS 2006, GOMECC 2007, GasEX 2008, and AMMA 2008 cruises, J. Geophys. Res., in preparation, 2009.
Lenschow, D. H., Pearson, R., and Stankov, B. B.: Estimating the ozone budget in the boundary-layer by use of aircraft measurements of ozone eddy flux and mean concentration, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7291–7297, 1981.
Lenschow, D. H. and Kristensen, L.: Uncorrelated noise in turbulence measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 2, 68–81, 1985.
Massman, W. J. and Clement, R.: Uncertainty in eddy covariance flux estimates resulting from spectral attenuation, in: Handbook of Micrometeorology. A Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis, edited by: Lee, X., Massman, W. J., and Law, B. E., Kluwer, 67–99, 2004.
Matthews, R. D., Sawyer, R. F., and Schefer, R. W.: Interferences in chemiluminescent measurement of NO and NO<sub>2</sub> emissions from combustion systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 11, 1092–1096, 1977.
McGillis, W. R., Edson, J. B., Hare, J. E., and Fairall, C. W.: Direct covariance air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16729–16745, 2001.
Peters, G., Fischer, B., and Munster, H.: Eddy covariance measurements with closed-path optical humidity sensors: A feasible concept?, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18, 503–514, 2001.
Ridley, B. A. and Grahek, F. E.: A small, low flow, high-sensitivity reaction vessel for NO chemiluminescence detectors, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 7, 307–311, 1990.
Ridley, B. A., Grahek, F. E., and Walega, J. G.: A small, high-sensitivity, medium-response ozone detector suitable for measurements from light aircraft, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 9, 142–148, 1992.
Shon, Z. H. and Kim, N.: A modeling study of halogen chemistry's role in marine boundary layer ozone, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4289–4298, 2002.
Stedman, D. H., Stuhl, F., Daby, E. E., and Niki, H.: Analysis of ozone and nitric-oxide by a chemiluminescent method in laboratory and atmospheric studies of photochemical smog, JAPCA J. Air Waste Ma., 22, 260–263, 1972.
Storch, H. and Zwiers, F. W.: Statistical Analysis in Climate Research, Cambridge University Press, 228–230, 1999.
Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water-vapor transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 85–100, 1980.