<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/inc/amtd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<eissn>1867-8610</eissn>
		<volume_number>2</volume_number>
		<issue_number>3</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/amtd-2-1383-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/2/1383/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/2/1383/2009/amtd-2-1383-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/2/1383/2009/amtd-2-1383-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1383</start_page>
	<end_page>1417</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-06-05</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Uncertainty analysis of computational methods for deriving sensible heat flux values from scintillometer measurements</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>P. A. Solignac</name>
			<email>pasolignac@gmail.com</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>A. Brut</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>J.-L. Selves</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="1">
			<name>J.-P. Béteille</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="1">
			<name>J.-P. Gastellu-Etchegorry</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="1">
			<name>P. Keravec</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="1">
			<name>P. Béziat</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="8" affiliations="1">
			<name>E. Ceschia</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">CESBIO, 18, avenue Edouard Belin, bpi 2801, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The use of scintillometers to determine sensible heat
fluxes is now common in studies of land-atmosphere interactions. The main
interest in these instruments is due to their ability to quantify energy
distributions at the landscape scale, as they can calculate sensible heat
flux values over long distances, in contrast to Eddy Correlation systems.
However, scintillometer data do not provide a direct measure of sensible
heat flux, but require additional data, such as the Bowen ratio (&amp;beta;),
to provide flux values. The Bowen ratio can either be measured using Eddy
Correlation systems or derived from the energy balance closure. In this
work, specific requirements for estimating energy fluxes using a
scintillometer were analyzed, as well as the accuracy of two flux
calculation methods. We first focused on the classical method (used in
standard software). We analysed the impact of the Bowen ratio according to
both time averaging and ratio values; for instance, an averaged Bowen ratio
(&amp;beta;) of less than 1 proved to be a significant source of measurement
uncertainty. An alternative method, called the &quot;&amp;beta;-closure method&quot;, for
which the Bowen ratio measurement is not necessary, was also tested. In this
case, it was observed that even for low &amp;beta; values, flux uncertainties
were reduced and scintillometer data were well correlated with the Eddy
Correlation results.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text">Andreas, E. L.: Estimating Cn&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; over Snow and Sea Ice from Meteorological Data, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 5, 481–495, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text">Andreas, E. L.: Two-wavelength method of measuring path-averaged turbulent surface heat fluxes, J. Atmos. And Ocean Tech., 6, 280–292, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text">Asanuma, J. and Lemoto, K.: Measurements of regional sensible heat flux over Mongolian grassland using large aperture scintillometer, J. Hydrol., 333, 58–67, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text">Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., Menenti, M., Feddes, R. A., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: A Remote Sensing Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) – 1. Formulation, J. Hydrol., 212–213, 198–212,1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text">Beziat, P., Ceshia, E., and Dedieu, G.: Carbon balance of three crop succession over two cropland sites in South-West France, Agric. For. Meteorol., submitted, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text">Billesbach , D. P., Fischer, M. L., Torn, M. S., and Berry, J. A.: A highly portable, rapidly deployable system for eddy covariance measurements of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Paper LBNL-48953, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text">Brotzge, J. A.: Closures of the surface energy budget, PhD Thesis, The Univeristy of Oklahoma, March 2001, 208 pp., 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text">Dabberdt, W. F., Lenschow, D. H., Horst, T. W., Zimmerman, P. R., Oncley, S. P. and Delany, A. C.: Atmosphere-surface exchange measurements, Science, 260, 1472–1481, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text">Da Rocha, H. R.,~Goulden, M. L.,~Miller, S. D.,~Menton, M. C.,~Pinto, L. D. V. O., de Freitas, H. C. and Silva Figueira, A. M.: Seasonality of water and heat fluxes over a tropical forest in eastern amazonia, Ecological Applications, 14, No sp4, 22–32, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text">De Bruin, H. A. R, Kohsiek, W., and van den Hurk, B. J. M.: A verification of some methods to determine the fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, and water vapor using standard deviation and structure parameter of scalar meteorological quantities, Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 63, 231–257, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text">Dugas, W. A., Fritschen, L. J., Gay, L. W., Held, A. A., Matthias, A. D., Reicosky, D. C., Steduto, P., and Steiner, J. L.: Bowen ratio, eddy correlation, and portable chamber measurements of sensible and latent heat flux over irrigated spring wheat, Agric. For. Meteorol., 56, 1–20, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text">Green, A. E. and Ayashi, Y.: Using the scintillometer over a rice paddy, Japan Agric. Meteorol., 54, 225–231, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text">Gu, J., Smith, E. A., and Merritt, J. D.: Testing Energy Balance Closure with GOES retrieved Net Radiation and in Situ Measured Eddy Correlation Fluxes in BOREAS, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 27–81, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text">Halldin, S. and Lindroth, A.: Errors in net radiometry: comparison and evaluation of six radiometer designs, J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol., 9, 762–783, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text">Hartogensis, O. K., Watts, C. J., Rodriguez, J.-C., and de Bruin, H. A. R.: Derivation of the effective height for scintillometers: La Poza experiment in Northwest Mexico, J. Hydrol., 4, 915–928, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text">Hill, R. J., Clifford, S. F., and Lawrence, R. S.: Refractive index and absorption fluctuations in the infrared caused by temperature, humidity and pressure fluctuations, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 70, 1192–1205, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text">Hill, R. J.: Implications of Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory for Scalar Quantities, J. Atmos. Sci., 46(14), 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text">Hill, R. J., Ochs, G. R., and Wilson, J. J.: Measuring Surface Layer Fluxes of Heat and Momentum Using Optical Scintillation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 58, 391–408, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text">Hoedjes, J. C. B., Zuurbier, R. M., and Watts, J. C.: Large aperture scintillometer used over a homogeneous irrigated area, partly affected by advection, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 105, 99–117, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text">Hoedjes, J. C. B., Chehbouni, A., Ezzahar, J., Escadafal, R., and De Bruin, H. A. R.: Comparison of Large Aperture Scintillometer and Eddy Covariance Measurements: Can Thermal Infrared Data be Used to Capture Footprint Induced Differences?, J. Hydrometeorol., 8(2), 144–159, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text">Horst, T. W. and Weil, J. C.: How far is far enough? The fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes, J. Atmos. Oc. Tech., 11, 1018–1025, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text">Kleissl, J., Gomez, J., Hong, S.-H., Hendrickx, J. M. H, Rahn, T., and Defoor, W. L.: Large Aperture Scintillometer Intercomparison Study, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 128, 133–150, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text">Konzelmann, T., Calanca, P., Muller, G., Menzel, L., and Lang, H.: Energy balance and evapotranspiration in a high mountain area during summer, J. App. Meteo., 36(7), 966–973, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text">Lamaud, E., Ogée, J., Brunet, Y., and Berbigier, P.: Validation of Eddy flux measurements above the Understorey of a Pine Forest, Agric. For. Meteorol., 106, 187–203, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text">Marx, A., Kunstmann, H., Schuttemeyer, D., and Moene, A. F.: Uncertainty analysis for satellite derived sensible heat fluxes and scintillometer measurements over Savannah environment and comparison to mesoscale meteorological simulation results, Agr. For. Meteorol., 148, 656–667, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text">Meijninger, W. M. L. and de Bruin, H. A. R.: The sensible heat fluxes over irrigated ares in western Turkey determined with a large aperture scintillometer, J. Hydrol., 229, 42–49, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text">Meijninger, W. M. L., Hartogensis, O. K., Kohsiek, W., Hoedjes, J. C. B., Zuurbier, R. M., and De Bruin, H. A. R.: Determination of Area-Averaged Sensible Heat Fluxes with a LargeAperture Scintillometer over a Heterogeneous Surface – Flevoland Field Experiment, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 105, 37–62, 2002a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text">Meijninger, W. M. L, Green, A. E., Hartogensis, O. K., Kohsiek, W., Hoedjes, J. C. B., Zuurbier, R. M., and De Bruin, H. A. R.: Determination of area-averaged water vapour fluxes with large aperture and radio wave scintillometers over heterogeneous surface-Flevoland field experiment, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 105, 63–83, 2002b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text">Meijninger, W. M. L., Beyrich, F., Kohsiek, W., de Bruin, H.A.R., and Lüdi, A.: Scintillometer fluxes of sensible and latent heat over a heterogeneous area – a contribution to LITFASS-2003, 16th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, 9–13 August 2004, Portland, Maine. – Boston, USA: American Meteorological Society, p 9.2, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text">Moene, A. F.: Effects of water vapour on the structure parameter of the refractive index for near-infrared radiation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 107, 635–653, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text">Nie, D., Kanemasu, E. T., Fritschen, L. J., Weaver, H. L., Smith, E. A., Verma, S. B., Field, R. T., Kustas, W. P., and Stewart, J. B.: An intercomparison of surface energy flux measurement systems used during FIFE 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18715–18724, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text">Ochs, G. R. and Wilson, J. J.: A second-Generation Large-Aperture Scintillometer, NOAA Tech. Memo., ERL WPL-232, Env. Res. Lab, Boulder, CO, 24 pp., 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text">Panofsky, H. A and Dutton, J. A.: Atmospherric Turbulence: Models and Methods for Engineering Applications, J. Wiley, 397 pp., 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text">Sadhuram Y., Ramana Murthy, T. V., Sarma, Y. V. B., and Murthy, V. S. N.: Comments on &quot;On the estimation of overwater Bowen ratio from sea – air temperature difference&quot;, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1933–1934, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text">Twine, T. E., Kustas, W. P., Norman, J. M., Cook, D. R, Houser, P. R., Meyers, T. P., Prueger, J. H., Starks, P. J. and Wesely, M. L.: Correcting Eddy-Covariance Flux Underestimates over a Grassland, Agr. For. Meteorol., 103, 279–300, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text">Wang, T., Ochs, G., and Clifford, S.: Saturation-Resistant optical scintillometer to measure Cn&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 68, 334–338, 1978. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text">Webb, E. K. Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapor transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 85–100, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text">Wesely, M. L.: The combined effect of Temperature and humidity Fluctuations on Refractive index, J. Appl. Meteorol., 15, 43–49, 1976. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text">Wyngaard, J. C., Izumi, Y., and Collins Jr., S. A.: Behavior of the Refractive Index Structure Parameter near the Ground, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 61, 1646–1650, 1971. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

